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RSS Feed for the unit An introduction to data and information
This RSS feed contains a list of all sections in the unit An introduction to data and information

• Introduction
  

  Introduction

  Computers are used to find, store, process and share data and information. The World Wide Web is an example of a vast store of information, which can be searched. This material will introduce you to what a web browser is and how to use one. The use of search engines to find information more effectively on the web will also be demonstrated. This unit looks at how data is transformed into information and relates the topics of data and information to the computer. These are fundamental issues in an understanding of the way in which the computer has shaped and changed contemporary life.

  Learning Outcomes

  After studying this unit you should be able to:

  • identify some of the instances in daily life where a computer is, or is likely to be, involved;
  • given a simple scenario, list most of the obvious information or data required by the parties in that scenario, and give some examples of how the information or data might be used;
  • explain briefly what perceptual data is, and how it is turned into a form that can be used by a person for reasoning or by a computer for processing;
  • given a figure, identify whether it is a sign and, if so, what it symbolises;
  • describe, in simple terms, the difference between data and information;
  • give a simple explanation of why computers are important to people in terms of data and information;
  • describe what a parameter is and identify the parameters in a particular scenario;
  • explain in simple terms what a computer program is, and why one is necessary;
  • explain the role of the computer with respect to the data given to it;
  • make use of a search engine to find websites corresponding to a topic of your choice, using some of the advanced search features, and be able to state how many computers (at a minimum) are involved in using a search engine and which role each has;
  • understand what a gateway is and what advantages it offers a user in searching for a topic;
  • briefly explain how requirements (e.g. considering the environment in which a computer might be used) affect the presentation of information, giving a simple example;
  • list some of the problems raised by very large databases even when the basic unit of data is very simple;
  • explain briefly what advantages a computer system can offer a creative artist and what characteristic enables it to do so;
  • describe briefly the elements of a distributed system that are needed for selling on the web;
  • describe the role of computers in controlling mechanical devices;
  • explain the role of sensors and actuators in a computer-controlled application, given a brief description of that application;
  • identify some simple safety considerations in a computer-controlled application;
  • identify appropriate information displays in a given situation.
• 1.1 What this unit is about
  

  1 An introduction to data and information

  1.1 What this unit is about

  Each venture

  Is a new beginning, a raid on the inarticulate …

  T. S. Eliot, ‘East Coker’

  Some years ago I was playing with my nephew. ‘Guess what’, he said. ‘My gran remembers before there was television!’ He was clearly thinking about the past in terms of ‘before there was television’.

  At that time, I was working in computing, and most people couldn't really understand what I did. Computers were mysterious boxes that were hidden away in large, secure buildings in major companies and government organisations. The average person came in contact with them only in the form of stories in the press or printed statements they received from their bank or gas supplier.

  All that has changed, as dramatically and as completely as from ‘before television’ to the present day. Today, most people experience computers not as remote machines producing bills or directing space flight (though they still do these things), but in two ways:

• as a medium that combines graphics, video, sound and text to impart information and a means of enabling us to shop on the internet, and so on;
• as a ubiquitous but hardly noticeable means of controlling everything from toasters to air traffic.

Whether or not you realise it, you are not only surrounded by computers but you have a persona created by the data associated with you. Some of this data you create yourself, consciously. Some is created when you open a bank account, enrol on a course, shop using a loyalty card, and so on. How much of this persona of yours is public, whether the data it contains is correct, and whether it should be held in the public domain are all things you need to be aware of.

Exercise 1

Take a moment to look in your wallet or purse. What kind of persona do you think you present through the cards and documents it holds? Each of these is likely to mean that some organisation holds electronic records about you.

Now read the discussion

Discussion

This is what I found in my wallet:

• driving licence;
• two credit cards;
• a store card;
• three library cards for different libraries;
• membership cards for the National Trust and RSPB;
• loyalty cards for an airline and a car hire firm;
• my National Health Service medical card.

Your wallet or purse is likely to contain similar items. The point is that various organisations (the DVLC in Swansea, the credit card companies, a department store, several libraries, as well as the NHS) all hold data about me. Probably they hold my name, age, date of birth, and address in common, but each will also hold data that is different from the others. For example, I have three bank accounts, two with the same bank, and one with another. The two different banks may have very different views of my finances!

My persona consists of all of this data, whether I am aware of it or not. That is what I mean by a persona: a ‘picture’ of you created by various collections of data about you, such as your finances, shopping habits, interests.

You might like to ask yourself at this point how aware you were, before doing the above Exercise, that so much information about you existed in the public domain.